The Use of the Dash in French

What are dashes used for in French?

The dash (le tiret) is longer than the hyphen (le trait d’union ; be careful not to confuse them). It can be used on its own or in pairs; in this case we speak of a single dash or double dashes. A single dash marks a pause between words or sentences and can also create various meaning effects. It is also used to indicate a change of speaker in dialogue. Double dashes are used in a similar way to parentheses or commas, but they highlight the additional information more strongly.

The single dash used as a separator

Stronger separation

A single dash creates a pause and can isolate a group of words from the main sentence, drawing the reader’s attention to it.

Example:
Je suis de mon cœur le vampire,I am the vampire of my own heart,
– One of those great abandoned souls
Condemned to eternal laughter,
And who can no longer smile!

– Un de ces grands abandonnés
Au rire éternel condamnés,
Et qui ne peuvent plus sourire !
(« L’Heautontimoroumenos » in Les Fleurs du Mal, Charles Baudelaire)

A single dash can also introduce an inner dialogue, separating it from the rest of the sentence.

Example:
J’étais mort sans surprise, et la terrible auroreI had died without surprise, and the terrible dawn
Enveloped me. – What! Is that all?
The curtain had risen and I was still waiting.

M’enveloppait. – Eh quoi ! n’est-ce donc que cela ?
La toile était levée et j’attendais encore.
(« Le Rêve d’un Curieux » in Les Fleurs du Mal, Charles Baudelaire)

Finally, a single dash can highlight a conclusion.

Example:
Rendre plusieurs dissertations par mois, lire au moins trois livres par semaine, apprendre de nombreuses théories par cœur, aiguiser votre sens critique – il vous faudra travailler dur pour réussir l’examen final !Writing several essays each month, reading at least three books a week, memorising many theories, sharpening your critical thinking – you will have to work hard to pass the final exam!

Enumerations

A single dash can be used to separate the elements of an enumeration. This technique is often used in tables of contents or summaries.

Example:
Sommaire : Modes personnels et impersonnels du verbe – Différences entre les verbes réguliers et irréguliers – Liste alphabétique des verbes irréguliersContents: Personal and impersonal verb forms – Differences between regular and irregular verbs – Alphabetical list of irregular verbs

Marking a pause in speech

A single dash can mark a short pause in speech.

Example:
À vos marques – prêts – partez !On your marks – ready – go!

The single dash in dialogue

A single dash is used to indicate a change of speaker in dialogue. It may also be combined with quotation marks. In typography, the lines of dialogue may appear horizontally or vertically.

Example:
« Adèle, mon ours a disparu – C’est Lili qui l’a pris… – Mais comment est-ce possible ? – Elle a réussi à marcher jusqu’à ta chambre… La porte était ouverte… – Où est-il ? Où l’a-t-elle mis ? […] » (Enfance, Nathalie Sarraute)
SCAPIN. – Monsieur…
GÉRONTE. – Quoi ?
SCAPIN. – Monsieur, votre fils…
GÉRONTE. – Hé bien ! Mon fils…
SCAPIN. – Est tombé dans une disgrâce la plus étrange du monde.
(Les Fourberies de Scapin, Acte II, Scène VII, Molière)

Double dashes

When additional information is inserted into a sentence and we want to highlight it, it can be placed between two dashes (double dashes).

Double dashes therefore function like commas or parentheses, but they emphasize the inserted element more strongly.

Example:
Je vois encore les murs blanchis, le store de toile qui donne sur la fournaise, l’autre porte en arcade qui mène à l’autre chambre et à un jardin à ciel ouvert – les plantes sont mortes de chaleur – entouré de balustrades bleues comme la grande villa de Sadec étagée de terrasses qui donnent sur le Mékong.I can still see the whitewashed walls, the canvas blind opening onto the blazing heat, the other arched door leading to another room and to an open-air garden – the plants have died from the heat – surrounded by blue balustrades like the great villa of Sadec with its terraces overlooking the Mekong. (L’Amant, Marguerite Duras)

Attention ! If the element placed between double dashes comes at the end of the sentence, the second dash disappears and is replaced by the final punctuation.

Example:
Le plaisir du texte, c’est ce moment où mon corps va suivre ses propres idées – car mon corps n’a pas les mêmes idées que moi.The pleasure of the text is that moment when my body begins to follow its own ideas – for my body does not have the same ideas as I do. (Le plaisir du texte, Roland Barthes)
not: Le plaisir du texte, c’est ce moment où mon corps va suivre ses propres idées – car mon corps n’a pas les mêmes idées que moi –.

Info

Additional information can be set apart from the rest of the sentence using parentheses, commas or dashes. Information in parentheses is generally secondary, commas are neutral, and dashes highlight the information.

Example:
Sandra (la copine de Paul) nous a fait un gâteau hier.Sandra (Paul’s girlfriend) made us a cake yesterday.
secondary information
Sandra, la copine de Paul, nous a fait un gâteau hier.
neutral
Sandra – la copine de Paul – nous a fait un gâteau hier.
emphasis on the information

The dash as a linking element

Routes

When referring to a route or journey, the two geographical locations involved (departure point, destination, etc.) are connected with a dash.

Example:
Je vais prendre le train de nuit Paris – Berlin.I’m going to take the Paris–Berlin night train.
Le vol Los Angeles – New York est retardé d’une heure.The Los Angeles–New York flight is delayed by one hour.

Time ranges

A dash can also be used to link the starting time and ending time of an activity.

Example:
Cours de français : 8h – 10hFrench class: 8:00–10:00
Horaires d’ouverture : 11h - 20hOpening hours: 11:00–20:00