Verbs and Phrase Taking the Subjunctive in French
When should you use the subjunctive?
In French, there are certain verbs and verbal constructions that trigger the subjunctive, which is a mood mainly used in subordinate clauses, but also in some fixed expressions. The subjunctive is used when the realisation of an action is uncertain, questioned, desired, necessary, or rejected. We can distinguish three cases:
- the subjunctive in a noun clause
- the subjunctive in an adverbial clause
- the subjunctive in fixed expressions
To learn about the rules for using and conjugating the subjunctive in French, see the article dedicated to the subjunctive.
Contents
The subjunctive in noun clauses
Noun clauses do not refer to a noun but to a verb. They therefore complete the main clause, whose core element is the verb.
- Examples:
- Je souhaite qu’elle réussisse.I wish that she succeeds.
Il est nécéssaire que tu sois à l’heure.It is necessary that you be on time.
The subjunctive is used when the main clause expresses will, importance, doubt, or emotion.
To help remember these categories, the acronym WIDE can be used. → WIDE : Will, Imposition, Doubt, Emotion:
Will
| Categories | Verbs and expressions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
|
when expressing an intention, a wish, or a desire |
accepterto accept, approuverto approve, attendre (de quelqu’un)to expect (from someone), avoir envieto want, to desire, consentirto consent, craindre (à la forme négative ou doute)to fear, défendreto defend, demanderto ask, désirerto desire, éviterto avoid, permettreto allow, prierto pray, préférerto prefer, proposerto propose, réclamerto reclaim, souhaiterto wish, supplierto supply, tâcherto try, tenir àto be committed to, tenir pourto consider, tolérerto tolerate, vouloirto want … |
Elle propose que nous partions ensemble.She suggests that we leave together. |
|
impersonal sentences of will |
Il est souhaitable que …It is desirable that …, Il est préférable que …It is preferable that …, Il est temps que …It’s time that …, Il est bon que …It is good that …, Il vaut mieux que …It is better that … |
Il vaut mieux que tu prennes un peu de repos.It’s better if you get some rest. C’est préférable que nous partions tôt.It’s better if we leave early. |
Exception
The verb espérerto hope is normally followed by the indicative because it expresses an expectation rather than a wish.
- Example:
- J’espère qu’il vient.I hope that he is coming.
- realistic and possible expectation → indicative
However, in negative or interrogative contexts, the verb espérer is followed by the subjunctive.
- Examples:
- Je n’espère pas qu’il vienne.I do not hope that he come.
- Espères-tu qu’il vienne ?Do you hope that he come?
- doubt or uncertainty → subjunctive
Imposition
| Categories | Verbs and expressions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
|
verbs and expressions expressing imposition, necessity, commands, or moral or practical obligation or prohibition |
exigerrequire, ordonnerorder, commanderorder, demanderdemand, insisterinsist, défendredefend, interdireprohibit, empêcherimpede, prohiberprohibit, exhorterurge, recommanderrecommand, imposerimpose, obligeroblige … |
Le règlement interdit que les élèves sortent avant la fin du cours.The rules prohibit students from leaving before the end of class. |
|
impersonal expressions of obligation |
Il faut que …It is necessary that …, Il est nécessaire que…It is necessary that …, Il est indispensable que …It is essential that …, Il est obligatoire que …It is mandatory that …, Il est essentiel que …It is essential that …, Il est important que …It is important that …, Il est temps que …It is time that …, Il convient que …It is appropriate that …, Il est urgent que …It is urgent that …, Il est préférable que …It is preferable that …, Il est crucial que …It is crucial that …, Il est primordial que …It is essential that … |
C’est important que tu viennes à l’heure.It’s important that you arrive on time. |
Doubt
|
verbs that indicate that something is not certain |
contesterto challenge, to disagree, douterto doubt, supposerto assume, craindreto fear, nierto deny, vérifierto verify, imaginerto imagine, semblerto seem, paraîtreto appear, soupçonnerto suspect, présumerto assume … |
Je conteste qu’il ait raison.I disagree that he is right. |
|
verbs of certainty in the negative form |
ne pas croirenot to believe, ne pas pensernot to think, ne pas savoirnot to know, ne pas être sûr(e)not to be sure, ne pas être certain(e)not to be certain, ne pas affirmernot to assert, ne pas garantirnot to guarantee … |
Elle ne pense pas qu’il soit au courant.She doesn’t think he knows. |
|
impersonal sentences of doubt |
Il se peut que …It may be that …, Il est improbable/peu probable que …It is unlikely/unprobable that …, |
Il est peut probable qu’il ne le sache.It is unlikely that he knows. C’est bien possible qu’il le sache.It’s quite possible that he knows. |
Attention! Just as the negative form of verbs of certainty expresses doubt and therefore triggers the subjunctive, verbs of doubt in the negative form are used with the indicative, because they then express certainty.
- Examples:
- Je doute qu’il soit là.I doubt that he be there.
- uncertainty → subjunctive
- Je ne doute pas qu’il est là.I do not doubt that he is there.
- certainty → indicative
The expletive ne
There are certain verbs and verbal constructions with a particular structure that resemble negative sentences without actually expressing negation:
- Examples:
- Je crains qu’il ne pleuve demain.I fear it will rain tomorrow.
- it is very likely that it will rain tomorrow
- Elle a peur qu’il ne soit trop tard.She's afraid it might be too late.
- it is very likely that it is already too late
This is known as the expletive ne (ne explétif). It does not change the meaning of the sentence. The sentence remains affirmative or expresses fear, not negation.
Emotions
| Categories | Verbs et expressions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
|
joy/contentment |
se réjouirto be delighted, être content(e)to be happy, être heureux/heureuseto be happy, être ravi(e)to be delighted, être enchanté(e)to be delighted, être fier/fièreto be proud, être satisfait(e)to be satisfied, se féliciterto take pride in, trouver merveilleuxto find wonderful, trouver formidableto find amazing, trouver agréableto find pleasant C’est une joie que …It is a joy that. .., C’est un bonheur que …It’s a joy that …, C’est une chance que …It’s lucky that …, C’est merveilleux que …It’s wonderful that. .., C’est formidable que …It’s great that …, C’est agréable que …It’s nice that …, C’est dommage que …It’s a shame that …, |
Nous nous réjouissons qu’elle ait réussi son examen.We are delighted that she passed her exam. C’est une joie que tu sois là.It’s a joy to have you here. |
|
sadness/regret |
être tristeto be sad, être désolé(e)to be sorry, regretterto regret, déplorerto deplore, avoir honteto be ashamed, avoir peurto be afraid, craindreto fear, être malheureux/malheureuseto be unhappy, être affligé(e)to be distressed, être navré(e)to be sorry Il est dommage que …It’s a shame that. .., Il est regrettable que …It is regrettable that …, Il est déplorable que …It is regrettable that …, Il est malheureux que …It is unfortunate that …, Il est désolant que …It is unfortunate that …, Il est navrant que …It is heartbreaking that …, Il est affligeant que …It is distressing that …, Il est honteux que …It is shameful that … |
Je suis triste que tu partes si tôt.I’m sad that you’re leaving so soon. Il est dommage que la fête ait été annulée.It’s a shame that the party was canceled. |
|
fear/anxiety |
avoir peurto be afraid, craindreto fear, redouterto dread, trembler (que)to tremble that, s’inquiéterto worry, appréhenderto apprehend, être inquiet/inquièteto be worried, être effrayé(e)to be scared, être terrorisé(e)to be terrified, être anxieux/anxieuseto be anxious Il est à craindre / y a lieu de craindre que …It is to be feared / there is reason to fear that …, Il est possible que … (dans un contexte d’inquiétude)It is possible that …, Il est redoutable que …It is daunting that …, Il est inquiétant que …It is worrying that …, Il est à redouter que …It is to be feared that …, Il est effrayant que …It’s frightening that …, Il est alarmant que …It is alarming that … |
Elle craint que le projet échoue.She is afraid that the project will fail. Il y a lieu de craindre que la tempête cause des dégâts.There is reason to fear that the storm will cause damage. |
|
surprise/astonishment |
s’étonnerto be surprised, être étonné(e)to be surprised, être surpris(e)to be surprised, être stupéfait(e)to be stunned, être choqué(e)to be chocked, être frappé(e)to be struck, être émerveillé(e)to be amazed, être abasourdi(e)to be stunned, être ébahi(e)to be astonished Il est étonnant que …It is surprising that …, Il est surprenant que …It is surprising that …, Il est incroyable que …It’s incredible that …, Il est curieux que …It is curious that …, Il est étrange que …It’s strange that …, Il est bizarre que …It’s weird that …, Il est inattendu que …It’s unexpected that …, Il est inouï que …It is unheard of that … |
Je suis étonné qu’il ait dit ça.I’m surprised he said that. C’est surprenant que personne n’ait répondu.It’s surprising that no one responded. |
|
anger/indignation |
se fâcherto get upset, être fâché(e)to be angry, s’indignerto be outraged, être indigné(e)to be outraged, se révolterto rise up, être scandalisé(e)to be scandalized, être outré(e)to be outraged, protesterto protest, s’offusquerto take offense, être mécontent(e)to be dissatisfied Il est scandaleux que …It is outrageous that …, Il est honteux que …It is shameful that …, Il est inadmissible que …It is unacceptable that …, Il est regrettable que …It is regrettable that …, Il est injuste que …It is unfair that …, Il est révoltant que …It is outrageous that …, Il est inacceptable que …It is unacceptable that …, Il est insupportable que …It is unbearable that … |
Il est inadmissible que des enfants travaillent.It is unacceptable for children to work. Je suis indigné qu’on traite les gens ainsi.I am outraged that people are treated this way. |
The subjunctive in adverbial clauses
These are conjunctions in the main clause that are followed by the subjunctive in the adverbial clause.
| Adverbial clause | Conjunctions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| purpose | afin queso (that), pour queso (that), de sorte queso (that), de façon à ce quein such a way that, de manière à ce quein such a way that, de peur que… (ne)for fear of, de crainte que… (ne)for fear of | Nous travaillons en équipe de peur que le projet n’échoue.We work as a team so the project won’t fail. |
| concession |
quoiquealthough, bien quealthough |
Bien qu’il ne soit fatigué, il continue à travailler.Although he is tired, he continues to work. Non qu’elle ait oublié, plutôt elle attendait le bon moment.It wasn’t that she had forgotten, but rather that she was waiting for the right moment. |
| condition |
pourvu queprovided that, à condition queprovided that, à moins queunless … |
Tu ne réussiras pas à moins que tu ne travailles sérieusement.You won’t succeed unless you work hard. |
| result |
assez/trop… pour queenough/too much... for, de manière queso that, de sorte queso that … |
Elle a expliqué son plan clairement de manière que chacun puisse participer.She explained her plan clearly so that everyone could participate. |
|
time |
avant quebefore, jusqu’à ce queuntil, lorsquewhen, quandwhen, aussitôt queas soon as, sitôt queas soon as, dès queas soon as, après queafter, pendant queduring, tant queas long as |
Ne bouge pas avant qu’on ait terminé.Don’t move until we’re done. |
| opposing |
sans quewithout |
Elle a pris la parole sans que la peur ne la bloque.She spoke without fear holding her back. |
Indicative vs. subjunctive
In some cases, it becomes clear that, despite the various rules and mnemonic devices, the subjunctive must above all be considered in terms of meaning. We should always begin by asking the following question: Is the realisation of the action uncertain, questioned, desired, necessary, or rejected?
| Conjunction | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| dès que / aussitôt queas soon as |
Certain fact or future event Je partirai dès que tu arrives.I’ll leave as soon as you arrive. |
Hypothesis, uncertainty Je partirai dès que tu aies terminé ton travail.I’ll leave as soon as you finish your work. |
| tant queas long as |
Real duration Je resterai ici tant que tu es là.I’ll stay here as long as you’re here. |
Uncertain condition Reste ici tant qu’il n’ait pas terminé son discours.Stay here until he has finished his speech. |
| même sieven if |
Real concession Je viendrai même si tu es occupé.I’ll come even if you’re busy. |
Hypothetical, literary Je viendrai même s’il eût été absent.I would have come even if he had been absent. |
| selon quedepending on |
Real choice Nous irons à la plage ou à la montagne selon que le temps est beau ou mauvais.We will go to the beach or the mountains depending on whether the weather is good or bad. |
Hypothetical Nous agirons selon qu’il pleuve ou qu’il ne pleuve pas.We will act regardless of whether it rains or not. |
| si bien queso much so that |
Observed consequence Il a beaucoup travaillé, si bien qu’il a réussi son examen.He worked very hard, so he passed his exam. |
Purpose, goal Il parle doucement, si bien que tout le monde comprenne.He speaks softly so that everyone can understand. |
The subjunctive in fixed expressions
There are a few fixed expressions of wishes, commands, or exhortations that require the subjunctive:
| Categories | Expressions |
|---|---|
|
Que + subject + verb … |
Qu’il réussisse à son examen !May he pass his exam! Qu’il en soit ainsi !So be it! |
|
Puisse(nt) … |
Puisse-t-elle être heureuse !May she be happy! Puisse-t-il nous entendre !May he hear us! |
|
Vivement que … |
Vivement qu’on parte en voyage !I can’t wait to go on our trip! Vivement qu’il fasse beau !I can’t wait for the weather to improve! |
|
Ainsi … |
Ainsi soit-il !So be it! Ainsi soit faite ta volonté !So be it done according to your will! |
|
Religious expressions |
Que Dieu te bénisseGod bless you Dieu soit loué !Praise God! À Dieu ne plaise !God forbid! Le ciel t’entende !May heaven hear you! Plaise au ciel qu’il en soit ainsi !Heaven willing, may it be so! Le Seigneur soit avec vous !May the Lord be with you! |
|
Other |
Sauve qui peut !Run for your lives! Vaille que vaille ! (from the verb valoir)Come what may! |
To see the rules for using and conjugating the subjunctive in French and put what you’ve learned into practice, go to our page on the subjunctive.